***SIMPLE PAST***
THE SIMPLE PAST:is used :
a/ to talk about actions and states which we see as completed in the past.b/We use it to talk about a specific point in time.I saw her in the street yesterday.
He came back last Thursday.
We didn't agree to the deal.
c/We can also use it to talk about a period of time.We lived in Japan for five years.
She was in London from Monday to Thursday last week.
When he was living in New York, he went to all the bars and clubs he could.
You will often find the past simple used with time expressions such as these:
Yesterday
three weeks ago
last year
in 2002
from March to June
for a long time
for 6 weeks
in the 1980s
in the last century
in the past
***THE PAST CONTINUOUS***
THE PAST CONTINUOUS:is used for:
a/to talk about past events which took place for a period of time.b/It is used to emphasize the continuing process of an activity or the period of that activity. (If we want to talk about a past event as a simple fact, we use the past simple.)1.While I was driving home, Richard was trying desperately to phone me.
2.Sorry, were you sleeping?
3.I was just making some tea. Would you like some?
4.I was thinking about her last night.
5.In the 1990s, very few people were using mobile phones.
c/We often use it to describe a "background action" when something else happened.1.They were still waiting for the plane when I spoke to them.
2.He was talking to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead.
4.She was walking in the street when she suddenly fell over.
5.The company was growing rapidly before he became chairman.
6.We were just talking about it before you arrived.
7.I was having a cup of coffee when I remembered I was supposed to be in a meeting!
***THE PRESENT PERFECT***
THE PRESENT PERFECT:is used :
a/when we want to look back from the present to the past.We can use it to look back on the recent past.
1.I've broken my watch so I don't know what time it is.
2.They have cancelled the meeting.
3.She's taken my book. I don't have one.
b/When we look back on the recent past, we often use the words 'just' 'already' or the word 'yet' (in negatives and questions only).1.We've already talked about that.
2.She hasn't arrived yet.
3.I've just done it.
4.have you spoken to him yet?
5.She's done this type of project many times before.
c/When we look back on the more distant past, we often use the words 'ever' (in questions) and 'never'.1.Has he ever talked to you about the problem?
2.I've never met a famous singer.
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:is used to:
to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the future:
a/We can use it to refer to an action that has finished but you can still see evidence.1.Oh, the kitchen is a mess. Who has been cooking?
2.You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly?
3.I've got a a stiff neck. I've been working too long on computer.
b/It can refer to an action that has not finished.1.I've been learning English for 3 years and I still don't know how speak it very well.
I've been waiting for him for 30 minutes and he still hasn't arrived.
He's been telling me about it for days. I wish he would stop.
c/It can refer to a series of actions.1.She's been writing to her regularly for a couple of years.
2.He's been phoning me all week for an answer.
The present perfect continuous is often used with 'since', 'for', 'all week', 'for days', 'lately', 'recently', 'over the last few months'.
1.I've been working for this companyt for ten years.
2.He's been working here since 2001
3.You haven't been getting good results over the last few months.
4.They haven't been working all week. They're on strike
5.I've been looking at other options recently.
***THE PAST PERFECT***
THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE:is used to:
a.to talk about what happened before a point in the past. It looks back from a point in the past to a time further in the past.1.She had already spoken to him before I had time to give him my version.
2.I checked with our customers but they still hadn't received the delivery.
3.I hadn't known the bad news when I saw him.
4.The company had started the year very well but was hit badly by the strikes.
b/It is often used when we report what people had said/thought/believed.1.He phoned me to say that they had already paid the bill.
2.She said she thought John had moved to Italy.
3.I thought we had already decided on somewhere for our holidays.
***PRESENT FORMS FOR FUTURE***
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (FOR FUTURE):is used :
a/When we talk about things that we have already arranged to do in the future.In these examples, we are talking about regular actions or events.
1.I've got my ticket. I'm leaving on Thursday.
2.I'm seeing a movie at 5 and then I'm having dinner with a colleague.
b/In many situations when we talk about future plans we can use either the present continuous or the 'going to' future. However, when we use the present continuous, there is more of a suggestion that an arrangement has already been made.1.I'm going to see him./I'm seeing him.
2.I'm going to do it./I'm doing it.
c/We use the present simple to talk about events in the future which are 'timetabled'. We can also use the present continuous to talk about these.1.My plane leaves at 6 in the morning.
2.The shop opens at 9.30.
3.The sun is rising at 6.32 tomorrow.
***FUTURE WITH GOING TO....***
THE FUTURE WITH (GOING TO..):There is no one 'future tense' in English. There are 4 future forms. The one which is used most often in spoken English is 'going to', not 'will'.
a/We use 'going to' when we want to talk about a plan for the future.1.I'm going to see him later today.
2.We're going to have lunch first.
Notice that this plan does not have to be for the near future.
1.When I retire I'm going to go back to my home town to live.
2.In ten years time, my elder son is going to take over my own successful company.
b/We use 'going to' when we want to make a prediction based on evidence we can see now.1..Look out! That vase is going to fall off.
2.Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain soon.
***FUTURE WITH "Will"***
THE FUTURE WITH (WILL)::
a/We can use 'will' to talk about future events we believe to be certain.1.Next year, I'll be 50.
2.That plane will be late. It always is.
b/Often we add 'perhaps', 'maybe', 'probably', 'possibly' to make the belief less certain.1.I'll probably come back later.
2.Maybe it will rain again.
3.Perhaps we'll meet again some day.
c/We often use 'will' with 'I think' or 'I hope'.1.I think she'll do well in the job.
2.I hope you won't make too much noise.
/d.We use 'will' at the moment we make a new decision or plan. The thought has just come into our head. apromise or an offer:1.Bye. I'll phone you when I get there
2.I'll answer that.
3.I won't tell him. I promise.
***CONDITIONALS***
CONDITIONAL ZERO)::
a/WE use "zero conditional" When we want to talk about things that are always or generally true, we can use:If/When/Unless plus a present form PLUS present simple or imperative
1.If you press this button, you get black coffee.
2.When the temperature rises,ice melts.
3.When you go to the beach, take some sun cream.
CONDITIONAL 1ST::
a/We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen.1.If we take the children, they'll be really pleased.
2.If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow.
3.unless he feels better,he won't go with us
CONDITIONAL 2ND::
a/We can use the Second Conditional to talk about 'impossible' situations.1.If I had one million dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
(Notice that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'.)
2.If she were really happy in her job, she'd be working much harder.
(Notice the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice.)
1.If I were you, I'd change my job.
b/We can also use the Second Conditional to talk about 'unlikely' situations.1.If I won the lottery, I'd buy my parents a big house.
2.If I went to the moon, I'd bring back some moon rock.
Notice that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. For example, consider two people Peter Pessimist and Otto Optimist.
NAJIB – If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house.(optimist)
KAMAL – If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house.(pessimist)
CONDITIONAL 3ND::
a/Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. b/Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.1.If Jack had thoughttwice, he wouldn't have made such a stupid mistake.
(did he think? no)
(did he make a mistake ? Yes)
2.They would have been home by ten if the train had been on time.
(was the train on time?no)
Were they home by ten ?No)
***Wishes***
WISH+SIMPLE PAST::
a/the main use of 'wish' is to say that we would like things to be different from what they are, that we have regrets about the present situation.(Notice that the verb tense which follows 'I wish' is 'more in the past' than the tense corresponding to its meaning)
1.I wish I was rich.
2.He wishes he lived in Paris.
3.I'm too fat. I wish I was thin.
4.It's raining. I wish it wasn't raining.
WISH+PAST PERFECT::
b/showing regrets about past situations:1.I went to see the latest Star Wars film. I wish I hadn't gone.
2.I've eaten too much. I wish I hadn't eaten so much
c/we use 'would'after wish" when we anticipate some change1.He won't help me. I wish he would help me.
2.You're making too much noise. I wish you would be quiet.
3.You keep interrupting me. I wish you wouldn't do that.
***COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES***
COMPARATIVES//SUPERLATIVES
MAIN USE
Comparatives are used to compare two things and to highlight the superiority, inferiority, or equality of one term compared to another.
For comparisons in larger groups, you must use the superlative. The superlative designates extremes: the best, the first, the worst, the last, etc.
SUPERIORITY: a) Short adjectives: adj+ er than
Peter is taller than Sandra.
b) COMPARATIVES :Long adjectives: :MORE + adj + THAN
A Ferrari is more expensive than a Mini.
SUPERLATIVE:Short & long adjectives:
:THE ADJ+-EST/IESTt...
:THE MOST/THE LEAST + adjective...
It's the nicest place i've ever visited
This is the most pleasant place on Earth!
EQUALITY Short & long adjectives:
:AS... adjective... AS..
English is as easy as German. Doesn't exist
INFERIORITY Short & long adjectives:
:LESS + adjectif + THAN
July is less cold than January.
NOTES:
Short adjectives: 1 syllable (eg: young) + 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y (eg: pretty)
Long adjectives: all the other adjectives
COMPARATIVES:
> If the adjective ends in "--y" the "y" becomes "i" : heavy --> heavier
> If the adjective ends in "--e" only an "r" is needed: wise --> wiser
> If the adjective ends with "single vowel + consonant" the consonant is doubled and one adds "--er" : big --> bigger
> Some very common adjectives have irregular comparatives: good --> better | bad --> worse | far --> farther
SUPERLATIVES:
Irregular forms: good --> the best · bad --> the worst · far --> the farthest
***PHRASAL VERBS***
PHRASAL VERBS::
PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal Verbs are verbs with more than one word.
Examples: pick up, put down, turn on, turn off
Phrasal verbs are also called 'two-part verbs' and 'three-part verbs.'
There are two types of phrasal verbs: separable and non separable.
Non separable phrasal verbs are sometimes called 'inseparable.'
Non separable (n) phrasal verbs must always remain together:
Example: take off = (n) to depart
CORRECT: The plane took off at noon. (verb + particle together)
XX INCORRECT: The plane took at noon off. (both words MUST be together)
Separable (s) phrasal verbs can be written three different ways:
Example: take off (s) = to remove clothing
CORRECT: Sara took off her jacket. (verb + particle together)
CORRECT: Sara took her jacket off. (verb + particle separated by noun)
CORRECT: Sara took it off. (verb + particle separated with a pronoun)
XX INCORRECT: Sara took off it. (the pronoun MUST be in the middle)
***ACIVE / PASSIVE VOICE***
THE PASSIVE VOICE:The passive voice requires a "double verb" and will always consist of a form of the verb "to be" and the past participle (usually the "en/ed/t" form) of another verb. Example: is kicked
You should be familiar with the forms of "to be" so that they can easily identify the passive voice in their work.
Review the forms of "to be": am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Note the forms of "to be" in the examples of the verb "to kick" in various forms of the passive voice:
is kicked----------------had been kicked
was kicked-------------is going to be kicked
is being kicked---------will be kicked
has been kicked-------can be kicked
was being kicked------should be kicked
Often passive voice sentences will contain a "by" phrase indicting who or what performed the action. Passive sentences can be easily transformed into active sentences when the object of the preposition "by" is moved to the subject position in the sentence.
Passive: The cookies were eaten by the children.
Active: The children ate the cookies.
Passive: English is spoken all over the world.
Active: People speak English all over the world.
***CONJUNCTIONS***
in spite of + noun
although + clause
despite + noun
though + clause
even though + clause
**Although and though can be used in the same way.
**Despite and in spite of are normally used as prepositions, they can also be used in adverbial constructions with -ing, thus:
1. 'I managed to pass my exams, despite going out four times a week during the revision period.'
2.'In spite of feeling terribly sick, I went to work every day that week.'
Example Sentences:Cause
1.There was flooding because heavy rain fell all night.
2.There was flooding because of the heavy rain.
3.The heavy rain was the cause ofthe flooding. .
4.Due to the heavy rain there was flooding.
Example Sentences:Effect
1.The standards of living in the home country is very low .So, many Africans migrate to Europe.
2.The standards of living in the home country is very low .as a consequence, many Africans migrate to Europe
3.The standards of living in the home country is very low .Cconsequently, many Africans migrate to Europe
4.The standards of living in the home country is very low .Therefore, many Africans migrate to Europe
5.Low standards of living in the home county result in immigration to Europe
| Cause expressions | Effect expressions |
| 1....because | 1....as a result |
| 2....because of | 2...consequently |
| 3....cause of | 3....as a result of |
| 4....due to | 4....therefore |
منتديات نجوم العرب 
الأحد 21 مارس 2010 - 15:19
